Chapter 1. HVAC System Analysis and Selection
This chapter addresses procedures for selecting an appropriate system for a given application while taking into account pertinent issues associated with designing, building, commissioning, operating, and maintaining the system.
Chapter 2. Decentralized Cooling and Heating
Frequently classified as packaged unit systems (although many are far from being a single packaged unit), decentralized systems can be found in almost all classes of buildings. Although some of the equipment addressed here can be applied as a single unit, this chapter covers applying multiple units to form a complete heating and air-conditioning system for a building and the distribution associated with some of these systems.
Chapter 3. Central Cooling and Heating Plants
This chapter addresses design alternatives that should be considered when centralizing a facility’s cooling and heating sources.
Chapter 4. Air Handling and Distribution
Very early in the design of a new or retrofit building project, the HVAC design engineer must analyze and ultimately select the basic systems and whether production of primary heating and cooling should be decentralized or central. This chapter covers the options, processes, available equipment, and challenges of all-air systems,
Chapter 5. In-Room Terminal Systems
Very early in the design process, the HVAC design engineer must analyze and ultimately select appropriate systems. Next, production of heating and cooling is selected as decentralized or centralized. Finally, distribution of heating and cooling to the end-use space can be done by an all-air system or a variety of all-water or air/water systems and local terminals, as discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 6. Radiant Heating and Cooling
Panel heating and cooling systems use temperature-controlled indoor surfaces on the floor, walls, or ceiling; temperature is maintained by circulating water, air, or electric current through a circuit embedded in or attached to the panel. This chapter covers temperature-controlled surfaces that are the primary source of sensible heating and cooling in the conditioned space.
Chapter 7. Combined Heat and Power Systems
This chapter describes the increasing role of combined heat and power (CHP) in sustainable design strategies, presents typical system designs, provides means and methods to understand system performance, and describes prime movers, such as reciprocating and Stirling engines, combustion and steam turbines, and fuel cells, and their characteristics for various uses.
Chapter 8. Combustion Turbine Inlet Cooling
This chapter provides a detailed discussion on combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC).
Chapter 9. Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems
A heat pump extracts heat from a source and transfers it to a sink at a higher temperature. According to this definition, all pieces of refrigeration equipment, including air conditioners and chillers with refrigeration cycles, are heat pumps. In engineering, however, the term heat pump is generally reserved for equipment that heats for beneficial purposes, rather than that which removes heat for cooling only. Dual-mode heat pumps alternately provide heating or cooling. Heat reclaim heat pumps provide heating only, or simultaneous heating and cooling. An applied heat pump requires competent field engineering for the specific application, in contrast to the use of a manufacturer-designed unitary product…
Chapter 10. Small Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems
This chapter describes the basics of design and component selection of small forced-air heating and cooling systems, explains their importance, and describes the system’s parametric effects on energy consumption. It also gives an overview of test methods for thermal distribution system efficiency and considers the interaction between the building thermal/pressure envelope and the forced-air heating and cooling system, which is critical to the energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the overall system. This chapter pertains to residential and certain small commercial systems; large commercial systems are beyond the scope of this chapter.
Chapter 11. Steam Systems
Steam systems use the vapor phase of water to supply heat or kinetic energy through a piping system. As a source of heat, steam can heat a conditioned space with suitable terminal heat transfer equipment such as fan-coil units, unit heaters, radiators, and convectors (finned tube or cast iron), or through a heat exchanger that supplies hot water or some other heat transfer medium to the terminal units. In addition, steam is commonly used in heat exchangers (shell-and-tube, plate, or coil types) to heat domestic hot water and supply heat for industrial and commercial processes such as in laundries and kitchens. Steam is also used as a heat source for certain cooling processes such as single-stage and two-stage absorption refrigeration machines.
Chapter 12. District Heating and Cooling
District heating and cooling (DHC) or district energy (DE) distributes thermal energy from a central source to residential, commercial, and/or industrial consumers for use in space heating, cooling, water heating, and/or process heating. The energy is distributed by steam or hot- or chilled-water lines. Thus, thermal energy comes from a distribution medium rather than being generated onsite at each facility.
Chapter 13. Hydronic Heating and Cooling
This chapter describes forced recirculating systems. Successful water system design depends on awareness of the many complex interrelationships between various elements. In a practical sense, no component can be selected without considering its effect on the other elements.
Chapter 14. Condenser Water Systems
As part of the vapor-compression cycle for mechanical refrigeration, the heat of compression produced must be rejected to complete the refrigeration cycle. Refrigerant systems may be cooled by air or water. In water-cooled systems, water flows through the condenser and is called condenser water. Condenser water systems are classified as (1) once-through systems (e.g., city water, well-water, or lake/groundwater systems), or (2) recirculating or cooling tower systems. This chapter focuses on open condenser water systems and evaporative coolers.
Chapter 15. Medium- and High-Temperature Water Heating
Medium-temperature water (MTW) systems have operating temperatures ranging from 250°F to 350°F (120 to 175°C) and are designed to a pressure rating of 125 to 150 psig (860 to 1030 kPa [gage]). High-temperature water (HTW) systems are classified as those operating with supply water temperatures above 350°F (175°C) and designed to a pressure rating of 300 psig (2000 kPa [gage]). The usual practical temperature limit is about 450°F (230°C) because of pressure limitations on pipe fittings, equipment, and accessories. The rapid pressure rise that occurs as the temperature rises above 450°F (230°C) increases cost because components rated for higher pressures are required. The design principles for both medium- and high-temperature systems are basically the same. This chapter presents the general principles and practices that apply to MTW/HTW systems and distinguishes them from low-temperature water systems operating below 250°F (120°C).
Chapter 16. Infrared Radiant Heating
Infrared radiant heating principles discussed in this chapter apply to equipment with thermal radiation source temperatures ranging from 300 to 5000°F (150 to 2760°C).
Chapter 17. Ultraviolet Lamp Systems
This chapter includes a review of the fundamentals of UV-C energy’s impact on microorganisms; how UV-C lamps generate germicidal radiant energy; various components that comprise UV-C devices and systems; and a review of human safety and maintenance issues.
Chapter 18. Variable Refrigerant Flow
Variable-refrigerant-flow (VRF) HVAC systems are a direct-expansion (DX) heat pump technology platform built on the standard reverse Rankine vapor compression cycle. These systems are thermodynamically similar to unitary and other common DX systems, and share many of the same components (i.e., compressor, expansion device, heat exchangers). VRF systems transport heat between an outdoor condensing unit and a network of indoor units located near or within the conditioned space through refrigerant piping installed in the building. Attributes that distinguish VRF from other DX system types are multiple indoor units connected to a common outdoor unit (single or combined modules), scalability, variable capacity, distributed control, and simultaneous heating and cooling.